Longman academic writing series 5 pdf free download

Add the pronoun it after which. Student Skill Levels Many students have access to computers. Emphasize that academic writing is the kind of writing students do in school and that there are rules to follow in academic writing.

On the next clean seried of the journal, have students draw a vertical line down the middle of the page for a double-entry journal? These technical maths textbooks relate to a Grade 10 level and are aligned with study requirements in South Africa.

Page These books have been designed for students in year 5. NCERT book is the best for class 5 students to learn the basic concepts of Maths at primary school level. File Name: longman academic writing series 5 pdf free download. You can do this by using criteria on the Writing Assignment Scoring Rubrics and pointing out three or four points for individual improvement. You will also learn… 0.

Keep audience. Foreign language courses are only offered at the Budapest site. Have students modify their outlines or create new ones based on changes that they made to their lists in Step 1.

Browse our daily deals for even more savings? Longman Academic Writing Series - longmanhomeusa. Pdf adobe acrobat professional free download. Mens novelty boxer shorts uk. Please read our short guide how to send a book to Kindle. The file will be sent to your email address. It may take up to minutes before you receive it. The file will be sent to your Kindle account. It may takes up to minutes before you received it. Please note : you need to verify every book you want to send to your Kindle.

Check your mailbox for the verification email from Amazon Kindle. Related Booklists. Very amazing library, I think I am in the largest library in the world.

Then it provides the criterion by classifying the practices and beliefs that make them unique. The topic sentence often presents the topic and controlling idea of the paragraph. The rest of the paragraph supports the topic sentence with details that define the category. For example, in the model, the observations of the Amish are grouped into five categories, and each is explained in a separate paragraph. These categories do not overlap, for each focuses on one aspect of Amish life.

Development of the Categories Claims made in the topic sentences address the categories, as well as how these claims are supported, as shown in the examples. Paracrara 3 one senrevce Observers note that Amish life is based on separation from th world and obedience to their religion's teachings and leaders. Paracnara 6 ror sowrence The Amish cannot resist all change, of course. Further explanation of how this change threatens the equality of relationship between men and women. The paragraph may also conclude with a memorable quotation or example.

In the writing model, how the Amish gave charitable funds to the families of both the victims and the killer provides an extremely powerful example of the ways that the Amish are different from people in mainstream society. A paragraph with unity develops a single idea and links it to the rest of the paper; a paragraph with coherence flows logically from one sentence to the next.

UNITY Alll the sentences in a paragraph must discuss just one main idea, stated in the topic sentence from the beginning to the end. COHERENCE The ideas must also be coherent; that is, the logical relationships between sentences and paragraphs in the whole essay must be clear, and the movement from one sentence to the next must be smooth. You can achieve coherence in several ways through the use of transition signals, pronouns, and synonyms.

Chapter 5 will discuss synonyms in greater detail. Transition signals allow sentences to smoothly flow from one to another by alerting your reader to how the ideas in the new sentence or paragraph logically relate to those in the previous sentence. Use these transition signals when you by contrast want to introduce a contrast. Look at these examples from the writing model. This Scene conveys a sense of peace and innocence.

In times of bitth, sickness, and death, neighbors pitch in with the chores. In these ways, they maintain the bonds of intimate community. This continual adjustment allows the community to stay intact. Circle the transition signal that best indicates the logical relationship between the sentences. The family provides us with the basic foundations of how to live.

The size of a group influences our attitudes and behavior. The group you associate with will influence the way you view yourself. If you want to become a corporate executive, you might dress more formally and try to improve your vocabulary. Wanting to become a corporate executive might appeal to many people. Instead, maintain the formal tone by using the quantifiers that appear in the charts. Another common grammatical trouble spot is the correct use of words or phrases that express quantities how many or how much.

These expressions are known as quantity expressions or quantifiers. Often, choosing the right quantifier can be complicated, In order to do so, you need to ask yourself a few questions: Does it precede a count or noncount noun? With Count Nouns 1.

Use afew, many, and anumber of a few men only with count nouns. Hh firme a number of people 2. Use one, every, and each with One person works on the farm. Usea couple of, both, a few, fero, all, Th have doubled their population in 4 large number of, several, many, decades. Boi boys and girls attend school until they are thirteen. Note: Be especially careful about Few, amish live outside their community. Use a little, little, much, a great deal of, the Allittle work is done in factories.

Note: Be especially careful about using THe majority of the Amish population lives in alittle and little: A little means a small amount, but little means almost none.

Use an amount of only with noncount Agreat amount of time was spent discussing nouns, the new plans. Using Quant rs Circle the quantifier that best completes each sentence. Complete each sentence with information about your family, people living in your current community, or your hometown.

Use the word or phrase in parentheses preceded by a quantifier. Use a different quantifier in each sentence. Inmy hometown, children ost of the children attend public school vatil they are eighteen years ol — 2, very young children 3. In the sciences and social sciences, research is central to the curriculum.

In other fields, it may involve discovering how to interpret a piece of literature or a theory about economics, or investigating causes or effects in a specific situation. Outside of college, doing research may help you determine best business practices or how to improve a product. While much of this may require consulting print sources or the Internet, not all of it will.

Some of it also may be based on your own investigation. For instance, one way to generate information for a classification essay is through making your own observations. You take notes on what you discover about the people or things you have chosen to observe.

Then you organize the notes, classify them into categories, and draw conclusions from them. These conclusions are objective; they report only on facts, but do not offer any opinions. Sociology, the scientific study of human and social behavior, provides a good example of academic writing based on first-hand observation and classification. After choosing a group of people to observe, follow the instructions.

Planning an Observation 1. Decide on the categories to examine, and then make a chart of those categories, such as the age of the participants, their manner of dress, their native language, and so on. Write brief notes to remind yourself of what you see and heat, even using abbreviations or your own code words. Remember to focus on what people are actually doing, not on Your interpretations of what they are doing.

For example, you can claim that people are talking loudly. However, you cannot claim that they are ruide, which is an interpretation or judgment. Try to be objective in your observations.

Complete your chart, List the details you have observed that fit in each category. For example, the category dress of the participants could include 1 very informal Fshirts, torn jeans, shorts, and so on ;2 casual slacks and long-sleeve shirt or blouse ; 3 businesslike or formal jackets and ties, or suits.

Review your notes to see if, based on your observations, you should create or eliminate categories or subcategories within the categories. Write the number of classmates who match each category. Cite actual numbers for each category, or use quantifiers. Most of the men and more than half of the women are wearing jeans.

A few of the men in jeans also have on white T- shirts, or T- shirts with the names of sports teams or players on them. Most, however, wear short-sleeve knit shirts or long-sleeve cotton shirts.

Some of the women in jeant are wearing T- shirts with the brand names of the manufacturers. The results can then be used to report on people's backgrounds, age, opinions, beliefs, eating habits, or anything that the research focuses on. Complete the chart by conducting a survey of all your classmates, If necessary, walk around the room to ensure that you speak to everyone.

Survey Chart i ce Cree ee a 1. Number of Siblings 4, First Language 5. You may make general statements, cite statistics. For writing guides to help you with a classification thesis, see Appendix A on page ERs Writing Collocations Use the collocations to write a sentence about your family traditions.

Your teacher may choose to have you work in a group to prepare the questions and categories for the survey. You will write a five paragraph classification essay based on the information you have gathered. Prior to your observation, brainstorm a list of categories for the survey that you think will be important. Are you interpreting the behavior of the people you observe in an interesting way? Or are you describing the categories in an amusing way? Geers —sTEP 3: Organize your ideas.

Bi sTEP 4: Write the first dratt. In the body of the essay, present your findings in each of the categories you have created, along with examples or further explanation. Pssieed step 6: Exit and proofread. Are the sentences clear and complete? Are quantifiers used correctly? Revise the draft, incorporating all the changes you made earlier. Mark them Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them EXPANSION tev waitine In this expansion, you will write the introduction and one body paragraph based on the survey you conducted and planned in Practices on pages , Review these materials and bring them to class.

You will have 50 minutes. Follow this procedure. Review your outline so you have a clear idea how to organize your ideas and include a thesis statement. Write the two paragraphs. Be sure to include a title, thesis statement, and topic sentence for the body paragraph. Check your paragraphs for errors. Correct any mistakes.

Then write a classification essay about the group of people you have chosen to observe. Your essay should be at least five paragraphs long. Do your observation and take notes. Limit your observation to no more than minutes, unless you find that not enough is happening during that time period.

Try not to call attention to yourself as you take notes, and write quickly, abbreviating or using code words to represent observations. Write a preliminary thesis statement, 5. Prepare an outline with topic sentences for the body paragcaphs and supporting details and examples.

In the introductory paragraph, indicate the group you have observed, where you observed them, and what general conclusions you can draw about their behavior— but do not make any judgments.

In this chapter, you will focus on analyzing a process. In other words, it is a step-by-step explanation of how something works, or how to perform a task, Such an explanation is especially important in describing scientific experiments and summarizing their results.

However, process analysis also applies to many other kinds of explanations or instructions. For example, you might describe the digestive process, the rotation of the moon around the earth, or the way a computer communicates with a laser printer. More simply, you might explain how to make chocolate chip cookies, how to connect the surround sound equipment to accompany a new flat screen television, or how to get from the airport to your home.

They constantly search for explanatio Why did something happen? How did it happen? They guess at answers to their questions and try to determine if their guesses are correct, In this way, whether they know it or not, they are taking the first step down the road of what scientists refer to as the scientific method, The next steps involve conducting experiments to determine if their guesses are correct, arriving at conclusions, and writing them down in a report, Those actions can take place in a laboratory or in the field.

The process of investigation does not stop there, however: Other scientists usually repeat these experiments to verify the results, or conduct further experiments. Their goal is often to answer questions raised by the findings of the original experiments. The scientific method therefore creates a continual, self-correcting cycle of investigation and analysis, involving six steps.

However, can we be sure that the observation is correct? In this case, the hypothesis would be that regular exercise helps prevent heart disease and heart attacks.

These groups are identical in every way except one: the experimental group includes a variable? Scientists would begin by selecting perhaps specially bred laboratory mice of the same age and with the same genetics.

The mice would ali have an inherited susceptibility to coronary heart disease or heart attacks. The scientists assign half of the mice to. Having established the control and experimental groups, the researchers would now move on to the fourth step: conducting the experiment. First, they would have to assign a length of time for the experiment, for example, days.

They would also assemble all the materials needed to conduct the experiment: cages, food, water, and tools for monitoring the activities of the mice. They would keep all the conditions for both groups the same; diet, temperature, humidity, waking and sleeping cycles, water availability, and safety from harmful bacteria.

However, the cages of the experimental group would be equipped with exercise wheels, while the cages of the control group would not. Then each week the researchers would gather data from the exercise wheels to ensure that the mice in the experimental group had been exercising.

At the end of the specified time period, the scientists could move on to the fifth step, analyzing the results, Suppose that the statistics produced.

On the other hand, the disease rate for the mice in the experimental group turned out o be dramatically lower. Did both contribute to the decrease? Was the weight loss simply an unanticipated result of the experiment? PDE 7 These questions might lead to further experimentation.

Other scientists could now conduct a series of related experiments. They might work first with mice, then with larger animals, and, if these revealed similar results, finally with human subjects. The findings of the scientists might vary, but the ongoing experimenting and dialogue would continue, following the same widely agreed upon principles of and steps in the scientific method. Using the Scientific Method to Solve Mysteries.

Questions about the Model 1. Whois the likely audience for this essay—scientists or nonscientists? What is the thesis statement of the introduction? Circle it. How many steps in the scientific method does the essay explain? Underline the topic sentences that identify these steps.

The example reports on two findings, one based on the hypothesis and the other not stated in the hypothesis. What kind of experiment would you expect scientists to conduct based on the unpredicted finding?

Why or why not? Review the brainstorming list. Should you eliminate any that are not relevant or important? What would you expect them to do with the information? For example, if you choose to explain the steps in registering for classes, list the locations a student would need to know about. Do not stop to revise, but underline sections you want to return to. Now do the cutting and pasting from your freewriting.

Include a thesis statement in the intraduction that outlines or introduces the steps in the process. Use transitions to establish coherence. Use the Chapter 3 Peer Review on page to guide your feedback. Carefully consider your partner's feedback. Are there no run-on or comma-spliced sentences? Are the irregular nouns used correctly? Make sure the draft is legible and follows the format your instructor has provided. Then examine your essay carefully and write a one-paragraph abstract of its contents.

You will have 35 minutes. Look especially at the thesis statements and topic sentences, 10 minutes 2. Make a quick outline to organize your ideas. Write a draft of the paragraph, Be sure to include a thesis statement and a good concluding sentence. Revise your paragraph to be sure your ideas are clear and well organized.

Choose one as the subject for a process essay. Make sure your introduction names the process and includes the goal of the essay, such as helping the reader understand the process or perform the process, In the body paragraphs, be sure to include all the steps in the Process in sequential order.

Write at least five paragraphs. After you have finished the essay, write a two- or three-sentence abstract of the experiment and its results. Why, for example, do you have a sore throat? Why does your car not start? Likewise, you want to understand the results of some action or event. If you take some medicine, will it cure your sore throat? If you charge the battery, will the car start? These are the functions of causal analysis, which examines causes and effects.

A cause is a reason something happened or is happening, while an effect is the change that results from something happening. Many such things, however, have more than one cause or effect. For example, a virus may have caused that sore throat, but lack of sleep and too much stress may have lowered the resistance to the virus, Additionally, you cannot always be sure what causes something, nor can you predict with certainty what effects may result. In discussing causes or effects, therefore, you may use qualifying words such as probable possible, and likely.

You might also qualify your claims with data that show percentag. The first essay traces a series of causes, in which one leads to another. The second examines a group of effects occurring at approximately the same time.

Read the models. People have come because of opportunity, political liberty, and religious freedom. Others have come because of oppression and poverty in their native countries. There is no greater example of the latter reason for immigration than the Irish who fled to this country during the Great Potato Famine of through , They came because of their failed crops and their resulting starvation, the loss of their homes and possessions to their indifferent landlords, and the ineffectiveness of the English and Irish governments to help them survive.

Farmers slept with their pigs in filthy conditions. Homeless people put roofs over ditches or slept in tunnels they dug in the ground Woodham-Smith English and wealthy Irish landlords.

The Irish tenants paid for the right to farm it and to put a cabin up on the property quickly. No money was exchanged, however. The payments were measured by the number of days the tenants worked Woodham-Smith It grew easily in the bad soil and was easy to cook.

The potato was also perfect for feeding pigs, cattle, and chickens. By , one- third of the Irish population depended entirely on the potato for food. Six months later; the famine began. It continued and grew worse virtually every year until However, the comm made many people ill, and most tenants had to sell or pawn all their possessions to pay for it Then the goverament initiated a second plan: hiring the farm laborers to build roads and canals.

By December of , half a million men were breaking rocks up into pieces and shoveling dirt. At this point, however, some workers died of starvation before receiving their wages Bloy. Unfortunately, much of the food they found was the seed potatoes for next year's crop. As result, when the harvest came in free of disease, it was too small to feed everyone. They threw out half a million tenants who could not pay their rent through labor, and then burned their homes.

Consequently, many went to live in poor houses. In , however, all public work projects ended, and public poor houses were closed The Irish Famine. An official estimate claimed that , people died from the famine and related causes, but the true number may have been twice as many Case-Studies , Asa result, a million Irish poor fled the country, most of them heading by boat across the Atlantic.

OF those who survived, the great majority went to Quebec and Montreal, Canada, but after arriving, over half walked across the border to the United States. Over the last nearly two centuries, that hope has been fully realized. The Irish population of the United States has more than doubled that of all of Ireland, and an Irish American was even elected to the most powerful position in the United States: John Fitzgerald Kennedy became the first Irish-American president in Sources: 1.

Bloy, Marjie. The Irish Fartine: The Crest Hunger. Which sentence in Paragraph 1 is the thesis statement of the essay? Underline it 2.

What important effect of the Irish potato famine does the concluding paragraph describe? What chain of effects was created by the destruction of the potato crop over several years? Circle them. Why did the substitution of com for potatoes fail? Who does the author think is primarily responsible for the horrible conditions under which the Irish peasants lived?

Why do you think so? As a result, the cities suffered greatly from the effects of rapid growth, Sanitation, fire protection, and the paving of streets were inadequate. Housing was insufficient and overcrowded. Families fell apart, and crime grew out of control.

Because of the extent of these problems, however, people eventually took steps to improve living conditions. By the s, the tremendous growth of Chicago had put such a strain on the sanitation system that the Chicago River had become virtually an open sewer. The city's drinking water contained such a high concentration of germ-killing chemicals that it was almost undrinkable, In the s, all the sewers of Baltimore emptied into the Back River Basin.

According to the journalist H. Fire protection became less and less adequate. Garbage piled up on the streets faster than workers could carry it away. The streets themselves crumbled beneath the pounding of heavy traffic. Urban growth proceeded with such speed that the cities laid out new streets much more rapidly than they could be paved.

Chicago hed more than 1, miles of dirt streets in People poured into the great cities faster than houses and apartments could be built for them. As a result, the densely packed areas of the s became unbearable, Greedy builders used every foot of space, squeezing out light and airin order to jam ina few additional family units. City dwellers of all classes resented the dirt, noise, and ugliness. In many communities, public-spirited groups formed societies to plant trees, clean up littered areas, and develop recreational facilities.

When one city took on improvements, others tended to follow suit, prompted by local pride and competition between cities. Streets were paved, first with stones and wood blocks, and then with smoother, quieter asphalt.

Gaslight, then electric are lights, and finally Thomas Edison's incandescent lamps brightened the cities after dark. This illumination of the cities made law enforcement easier: It also stimulated nightlife and permitted factories and shops to operate after sunset.

Life in the cities was far from ideal, but streetcars would take people quickly and inexpensively to work and back, and high-rise buildings would soon fill the horizons. The modern American city was forming throughout the East and Midwest. Source: Adapted from Cames, Mark C. According to the first paragraph, what led to the terrible living conditions of the cities? What was the final effect of these conditions?

What effects does the body of the essay focus on? How many are there? What key effects are introduced in the final two paragraphs? Which sentences state them most directly? Underline them twice. Quotations are included in both model essays. What purpose do they serve? Noticing Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs The two writing models contain a number of phrasal verbs, which are special collocations.

A phrasal verb combines a ver and one or two particles short ions ; together they have a meaning that is different from the verb alone. A noun object can come before or after the second word the particle of the phrasal verb. The landlords threw them out.

The verb moves the object. The object always follows the particle. Peasants turned to desperate measures. Peasants turned to them. The object does not change or move. For more information about commen separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, see Appendix D, page The cities laid out mew roads fine.

The cities laid new roads out awkward. Moon 1 Move 2 9. In some cases, it begins with research, such as finding and analyzing the possible causes of a historical event. In others, it starts with experimentation, such as noting the ceifects of a change in diet on laboratory mice. Are the causes or effects occurring at the same time, or does one lead to another? Anevent may have more than one cause, and a cause may have more than one effect.

Sometimes the causes occur one after another; in other words, in chain reaction Writing Model 1 follows this pattern in examining the causes of the immigration of Irish peasants to the United States. At other times, all the causes or all the effects occur at about the same time.

Writing Model 2 follows this pattern as it exemines the effects of overcrowding in the cities. This organization is appropriate when all the causes or effects are not in sequence. In other words, one cause leads to an effect, which leads to another cause, and so on.

Effect: Irish peasants immigrating to the United States, because of a series of causes related to the Great Potato Famine Chain of Events: failed crops, resulting starvation, the loss of their homes and possessions, and ineffective government response 1 First Group of Body Paragraphs The first body paragraphs examine causes, usually in chronological order.

A diagram of block organization, with examples from Writing Model 2, looks like this: Introductory Paragraph The opening paragraph introduces the topic, makes clear why it is important, and then provides a transition into an analysis of the causes or effects. Look again at the body paragraphs of the models. Note that each claim is supported by a survey, a set of statistics, one or more examples, a specific description, an explanation, or a quotation.

You are already familiar with most of these types of support. Chapter 1 introduced you to explanations and examples. Chapter 2 taught you about conducting surveys, and briefly introduced you to statistics. Chapter 3 taught you how to summarize. And later in this chapter, you will learn more about using quotations, For writing guides to help you introduce cause and effect, see Appendix A on page Choose three body paragraphs to analyze.

List examples of topics that might support the thesis. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended slavery in , had enormous consequences. The invention of electricity led to dramatic changes in people's lives. People immigrate to other countries for a number of reasons. Confusing cause with effect Although this may seem easy, separating cause from effect can be complicated.

For example, was the poverty of the Irish peasants a cause of their starvation or an effect of their responding to the loss of the crops? Confusing the sequence of events with their causes. If you woke up with a headache on a bright, sunny morning, did the sunshine cause your headache?

If you were out in the rain and then developed a cold, did the rain cause the cold—or did lack of sleep, too much stress, or exposure to a virus cause it? Oversimplitying complex causes and effects Many effects have complex causes or possible causes; likewise, so do many causes have complex effects.

Note that both model essays explore those complexities Identitying Causes or Effects Circle the cause and underline the effect in each statement. The rate of obesity in the United States has increased greatly in the past twenty years due to a number of factors. The large increase in the number of Hispanics in the last twenty years has led toa number of significant changes in US. The emigration of Bastern Europeans in the beginning of the twentieth century was both an economic and a political necessity.

The list of ixpressions can help make the relationship between causes and effects clear. Use these transition signals to introduce causes. Use these transition signals to introduce effects. However, a clearly organized and gracefully written essay often benefits from whole sentences of transition. For additional help using transitions, see Appendix B on page People from all over the world immigrate to the United States.

They search for better employment, or, for that matter, any job. Refugees from war and political oppression come here. People seek religious freedom or escape from persecution for their religious beliefs or practices. Other people wish to pursue a college education or post-graduate education ata university.

A few happy people arrive in the country to marry an American citizen they have met abroad. People from all over the world immigrate to the United States for a variety of reasons. Parallelism, also called parallel structure, repeats items in a series using the same grammatical form so your ideas are symmetrical and clear.

Look at these examples from the writing models at the beginning of the chapter. Note that the repetition of to is not necessary. These poor immigrants arrived in rags, without money, education, or skill, but they had a small glimmer of hope.

Paws serrences Fite protection became less and less adequate. Garbage piled up on the streets. They came because of their failed crops and their resulting starvation, the loss of their homes and possessions to their indifferent landlords, and the ineffectiveness of the English and Irish governments to help them survive. Substandard living quarters aggravated! Residents of the city resented the crowds, smells, and pollution. The city government began to build new housing, repair streets, and create public parks.

Gaslights were used to brighten the cities after dark, which made Jaw enforcement easier, Streetcars were introduced which took people quickly and inexpensively to work and back and cut back on traffic. They livad in shacks, shared living quarters, and 3. The potato served as food for the and 4. The poor Irish became desperate, hoping to find work, and 5. The streets of the big cities in the US. Write your correction above the line.